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Biography of Robert Browning
Robert Browning was born on May 7, 1812, in London, England. He is one of the most famous poets of the Victorian era, known for his dramatic monologues — a type of poem where a single speaker reveals their thoughts and feelings. Browning often explored dark and complex characters in his poetry.
Early Life and Interest in Poetry
Browning grew up in a supportive family that encouraged his love for books and writing. His father had a large collection of books, and young Browning loved to read. As a child, he showed a great interest in learning and was especially fascinated by history, philosophy, and literature.
Browning started writing poetry at a young age and was influenced by poets like Percy Bysshe Shelley. He wanted to experiment with new ways of writing and often used dramatic monologues to explore human psychology and emotions.
“My Last Duchess” and Browning’s Style
Browning wrote “My Last Duchess” in 1842 as part of his collection “Dramatic Lyrics”. The poem is one of his most famous works and is a perfect example of his dramatic monologue style. In this poem, Browning explores the character of a Duke, revealing his dark, controlling nature as he talks about the portrait of his late wife, the Duchess.
The Duke in the poem is based on a real historical figure, Alfonso II, the Duke of Ferrara, whose wife died mysteriously. Browning used this story as inspiration to create a powerful character who represents the corruption of power and the objectification of women. The Duke’s monologue reveals his jealousy, possessiveness, and cruelty, themes that Browning was interested in exploring through his poetry.
Influence of Browning’s Personal Life
Browning’s fascination with complex emotions and relationships was influenced by his own life experiences. In 1846, he married another famous poet, Elizabeth Barrett, after a secret courtship. Elizabeth’s father disapproved of their relationship, but Browning and Elizabeth’s love for each other was strong. They eventually moved to Italy, where they lived happily together. Elizabeth’s strength and independence may have influenced Browning’s portrayal of powerful female characters in his later works.
Browning was also deeply interested in history, psychology, and the dark side of human nature, which is reflected in many of his poems. He often used his characters to explore how power can corrupt people and how jealousy, control, and possessiveness can lead to tragic outcomes, as seen in “My Last Duchess”.
Later Life and Legacy
After Elizabeth’s death in 1861, Browning returned to England and continued writing. His later work became even more popular, and he gained recognition as one of the greatest poets of the Victorian period. Browning’s use of dramatic monologue, especially in “My Last Duchess”, influenced many writers and poets after him.
Robert Browning died on December 12, 1889, but his poetry remains influential. “My Last Duchess” continues to be studied and appreciated for its exploration of power, control, and the darker sides of human relationships, themes that Browning skillfully brought to life through his unique writing style.
Line by Line Critical Analysis of the Poem "My Last Duchess"
“That’s my last Duchess painted on the wall,”
The Duke begins by introducing the portrait of his late wife, referring to her as “my last Duchess,” which already gives a possessive tone. He is proud of the painting as a reminder of her, yet the word “last” hints at her death or removal.
“Looking as if she were alive.”
The painting appears so lifelike that it seems the Duchess is still alive. This shows the skill of the artist, but also emphasizes that the Duke now controls her completely, as she is only an image on a wall.
“I call that piece a wonder, now;”
The Duke admires the painting, calling it a “wonder,” not because of his love for the Duchess, but because of the skillful work of art. His attention is on the painting itself, rather than the woman.
“Fra Pandolf’s hands worked busily a day, and there she stands.”
He mentions the artist Fra Pandolf, who took just one day to create the painting. The way the Duke says “there she stands” suggests that he sees the painting as the Duchess’s only form now — he has power over her image.
“Will’t please you sit and look at her?”
The Duke invites the listener to sit and admire the painting, again focusing on the appearance of the Duchess rather than her as a person. This emphasizes his obsession with control and appearances.
“I said ‘Fra Pandolf’ by design, for never read”
The Duke intentionally mentions the name of the artist, Fra Pandolf, to make the listener aware of the famous person who painted the Duchess. It shows his concern with status and prestige.
“Strangers like you that pictured countenance,”
The Duke points out that strangers, like the listener, never fully understand the meaning behind the Duchess’s face in the painting.
“The depth and passion of its earnest glance,”
The Duchess’s expression, particularly the deep and passionate look in her eyes, is mentioned. This indicates she was full of life and emotion, which may have bothered the Duke.
“But to myself they turned (since none puts by”
The Duke reveals that people would look at him as if they wanted to ask about the expression on the Duchess’s face, but no one could unless he chose to reveal it.
“The curtain I have drawn for you, but I)”
Only the Duke controls who gets to see the painting, as it is behind a curtain. This symbolizes his control over his late wife — even in death, he dictates how others view her.
“And seemed as they would ask me, if they durst,”
The Duke hints that others are curious about the Duchess’s expression but are too afraid to ask. This suggests his intimidating presence and the power he holds over others.
“How such a glance came there; so, not the first”
The Duke acknowledges that people are curious about why the Duchess looked so joyful and passionate, but he doesn’t offer a clear explanation.
“Are you to turn and ask thus. Sir, ’twas not”
He tells the listener that they are not the first to wonder about the Duchess’s expression. He starts to explain that it was not just his presence that brought joy to her face.
“Her husband’s presence only, called that spot”
The Duke admits that his presence alone wasn’t what made the Duchess happy. This suggests that she was independent in her emotions and could find joy in other things.
“Of joy into the Duchess’ cheek; perhaps”
Her happiness, shown by the “spot of joy” on her cheek, came from things other than her husband. This makes the Duke jealous, as he wanted to be the sole cause of her happiness.
“Fra Pandolf chanced to say, ‘Her mantle laps”
The Duke imagines that the artist, Fra Pandolf, might have made a simple remark about her clothing, like “Her mantle (cloak) laps over her wrist too much.” Even this innocent comment could have pleased her.
“Over my lady’s wrist too much,’ or ‘Paint”
This line emphasizes that even small, harmless remarks, like those about her clothing, could make the Duchess happy. This frustrated the Duke.
“Must never hope to reproduce the faint”
The artist might have also said that his painting could never capture the slight blush that appeared on her face, suggesting that she was naturally full of life.
“Half-flush that dies along her throat.”
The “half-flush” (blush) along her throat shows her genuine emotions. The Duke resents this because he could not control it.
“Such stuff was courtesy, she thought, and cause enough”
The Duchess thought these kinds of comments were polite and worthy of appreciation. She was easily pleased by small gestures, which annoyed the Duke.
“For calling up that spot of joy. She had”
She often blushed with joy, which the Duke saw as a sign of her being too open and easily impressed by others.
“A heart—how shall I say?— too soon made glad,”
The Duke criticizes her for being too happy and too quickly pleased. He views her joyful nature as a flaw.
“Too easily impressed; she liked whate’er”
She was easily impressed by everything she saw, which made the Duke feel less special. He wanted her to reserve her admiration only for him.
“She looked on, and her looks went everywhere.”
Her attention and admiration were not limited to her husband. She looked around and appreciated the world around her, which made the Duke jealous.
“Sir, ’twas all one! My favour at her breast,”
The Duke feels that everything, including his own favor (perhaps a token or necklace he gave her), meant the same to her as anything else. She didn’t value his special gifts more than other things.
“The dropping of the daylight in the West,”
The simple beauty of the sunset made her just as happy as anything else, showing her love for life’s simple pleasures.
“The bough of cherries some officious fool”
Even small gifts, like a branch of cherries brought by some foolish person, made her smile. The Duke resents this.
“Broke in the orchard for her, the white mule”
The Duchess was even pleased by small things like riding a white mule around the terrace. The Duke found this trivial.
“She rode with round the terrace—all and each”
Everything, no matter how small, brought her joy, which made the Duke angry because he wanted to be the only source of her happiness.
“Would draw from her alike the approving speech,”
Everything she saw or experienced made her happy, and she would express her approval in the same way, whether big or small.
“Or blush, at least. She thanked men—good! but thanked”
The Duke acknowledges that she was polite and thankful, which is good, but her way of thanking others upset him.
“Somehow—I know not how—as if she ranked”
The Duke couldn’t understand why she acted as if everyone’s gifts were equal in importance. This made him feel disrespected.
“My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name”
The Duke is proud of his family’s long and prestigious history, but he feels that the Duchess didn’t value it enough.
“With anybody’s gift. Who’d stoop to blame”
He thinks it’s beneath him to criticize her openly for such behavior, though he clearly resents it.
“This sort of trifling? Even had you skill”
The Duke thinks her behavior was petty, but he didn’t want to confront her about it, even though he had the ability to speak well.
“In speech—which I have not—to make your will”
He claims he lacks the ability to express his feelings properly, though the poem shows he is quite articulate.
“Quite clear to such an one, and say, ‘Just this”
Even if he could explain his feelings clearly to her, he didn’t want to stoop to her level to do so.
“Or that in you disgusts me; here you miss,”
He didn’t want to tell her directly what upset him about her behavior because that would mean lowering himself.
“Or there exceed the mark’—and if she let”
He imagines telling her where she went wrong, but even if she accepted his criticism, it would still be beneath him.
“Herself be lessoned so, nor plainly set”
Even if she had allowed herself to be corrected, the Duke feels it would still be demeaning to have to explain these things.
“Her wits to yours, forsooth, and made excuse—”
If she had tried to argue or make excuses, the Duke would have found it frustrating. He didn’t want to deal with her opinions or explanations.
“E’en then would be some stooping; and I choose”
Even having that conversation would have required him to humble himself, and he refuses to lower himself in that way.
“Never to stoop. Oh, sir, she smiled, no doubt,”
The Duchess smiled at him, but the Duke believes she smiled at everyone the same way, which made him jealous and angry.
“Whene’er I passed her; but who passed without”
She smiled at everyone, not just him. He saw her smiles as something she gave too freely, which made them less meaningful to him.
“Much the same smile? This grew; I gave commands;”
As time went on, the Duke became more frustrated with her behavior. Eventually, he “gave commands,” which likely means he ordered her death.
“Then all smiles stopped together. There she stands”
After his commands, the Duchess stopped smiling — implying she was killed. Now she exists only in the painting, where the Duke has full control over her.
“As if alive. Will’t please you rise? We’ll meet”
The Duke comments that she looks alive in the painting, but the irony is that she’s dead, and he’s fully in control of her image.
“The company below, then. I repeat,”
He changes the subject, preparing to meet the guests downstairs. The shift in tone shows how casually he speaks about his former wife’s death.
“The Count your master’s known munificence”
The Duke refers to the Count, the father of the woman he plans to marry next, noting his generosity. He is more interested in the dowry than the woman herself.
“Is ample warrant that no just pretense”
The Duke expects a good dowry (money or property) from the Count, showing that wealth is his primary concern in this new marriage.
“Of mine for dowry will be disallowed;”
He feels confident that the Count will agree to his demands for dowry, further emphasizing the transactional nature of marriage for the Duke.
“Though his fair daughter’s self, as I avowed”
He acknowledges that the Count’s daughter is attractive, but again, he is more focused on the material benefits of the marriage.
“At starting, is my object. Nay, we’ll go”
He mentions that his primary goal is the marriage itself, not love or affection for the woman.
“Together down, sir. Notice Neptune, though,”
As they leave, the Duke points out a bronze statue of Neptune (the Roman god of the sea) taming a sea horse. This symbolizes the Duke’s desire for control and dominance, just like Neptune controls the sea.
“Taming a sea-horse, thought a rarity,”
The statue is rare and valuable, much like how the Duke views his possessions. It reflects his view of people, especially women, as objects to control.
“Which Claus of Innsbruck cast in bronze for me!”
The Duke takes pride in this statue, which was made by a famous artist, Claus of Innsbruck. This final line reinforces the Duke’s obsession with power, control, and material wealth, even over human relationships.
Themes of the poem "My Last Duchess" by Robert Browning
Power and Control
– The most important theme in “My Last Duchess” is power and control. The Duke wants to have complete control over everything around him, especially over his wife, the Duchess. He does not just want to control her actions but also her emotions and thoughts.
– He felt threatened because the Duchess was independent, friendly, and enjoyed life in a way that he could not dominate. The Duke’s extreme desire for control led him to order her death, showing his need to be the only authority in her life.
– Even after she is dead, he keeps control over her by displaying her as a painting that only he can show to others. This reflects his possessive nature and his obsession with always being in control.
Jealousy
– Jealousy is a strong theme in the poem. The Duke is very jealous of how the Duchess interacted with other people and the world around her.
– He resented the fact that she smiled at others, was kind to everyone, and enjoyed simple things like sunsets, flowers, and small gifts. The Duke wanted her attention to be exclusively for him, and he saw her friendliness as a betrayal.
– His jealousy grew so strong that he could not bear to see her smile at others. This jealousy ultimately drove him to take drastic action — giving “commands” that resulted in her death. The Duke’s jealousy is extreme and destructive, showing how it can lead to tragic outcomes.
Objectification of Women
– The poem explores how women were treated as objects rather than as individuals. The Duke sees the Duchess as his possession. He expects her to behave in a way that reflects his social status and makes him look powerful.
– When she doesn’t act the way he wants, he decides to treat her like any other object he owns — by silencing her forever. The Duchess becomes just a part of his art collection, like a beautiful object to be admired but with no voice or life of her own.
– The Duke’s behavior shows that he views women as property. After her death, he keeps her memory under his control by displaying her portrait, which symbolizes his ability to control how people see her.
Appearance vs. Reality
– Another theme is the difference between how things appear and how they really are. The Duke tries to present himself as a refined, cultured gentleman who appreciates art and beauty.
– However, as he speaks, the reality of his character is revealed — he is controlling, cruel, and capable of murder. He hides his true nature behind his polite language and admiration of art, but the reader can see his dark personality through his words.
– Similarly, the Duchess’s painting looks calm and happy, but it hides the fact that she was silenced forever because of the Duke’s jealousy. This theme shows how appearances can be misleading.
Pride and Arrogance
– The Duke is extremely proud and arrogant. He believes that his “nine-hundred-years-old name” makes him superior to others. He thinks that being married to him was an honor for the Duchess, and she should have treated him with the utmost respect and obedience.
– His pride is so great that he cannot stand the idea of his wife smiling at others or being happy without his permission. He expects complete submission from her, and when she fails to meet his expectations, he reacts harshly.
– Even when talking about her death, he remains proud, showing no regret or remorse. His pride blinds him to the value of human life, making him a deeply flawed and dangerous character.
Power in Art
– In the poem, art is not just about beauty; it is a tool for power and control. The Duke’s interest in art is not genuine; he collects paintings and sculptures to show his wealth and influence.
– He treats the Duchess’s portrait the same way — as a piece of art he can control completely. When she was alive, he couldn’t control her emotions, but as a painting, she is frozen in time, and he decides who gets to see her smile.
– The bronze statue of Neptune taming a sea-horse mentioned at the end symbolizes his view of art as a way to demonstrate his dominance. The Duke uses art to show his power over people, making it another tool in his desire for control.
Gender Roles and Patriarchy
– The poem reflects the strict gender roles and patriarchal attitudes of society. The Duke believes that as a husband, he has the right to dictate every aspect of his wife’s behavior.
– He expects the Duchess to be completely obedient, submissive, and devoted to him, without expressing her own happiness or opinions. When she does not follow these expectations, he views it as a personal insult.
– The Duke’s treatment of the Duchess reflects how women were often seen as extensions of their husbands, meant to serve and obey them. Her tragic end highlights the dangers of such rigid gender expectations, where any sign of independence or joy in women was seen as defiance.
The Corruption of Power
– The poem shows how power can corrupt individuals. The Duke is a nobleman with great social status and authority, but his power has made him arrogant, controlling, and cruel.
– His position allows him to order his wife’s death without any fear of consequences, demonstrating how absolute power can lead to moral corruption. He feels entitled to decide her fate and manipulate her memory.
– The Duke’s power extends even beyond life and death, as he controls who can see her portrait and how she is remembered. This theme serves as a warning about the dangers of unchecked power and its ability to corrupt even the most cultured and refined individuals.
"My Last Duchess" Question Answer
- What kind of personality does the Duke reveal in the poem?
In “My Last Duchess”, the Duke reveals a possessive, controlling, and egotistical personality. Throughout the poem, he speaks proudly of his late wife’s portrait but treats her as an object rather than as a person. His jealousy over her friendly nature and his frustration with her lack of submission make it clear that he is obsessed with power. The Duke could not stand that his wife found joy in other people and simple things, believing her attention should be exclusively for him. His inability to confront her openly and his eventual decision to “give commands” (likely ordering her death) reveal a manipulative and dangerous side to his character. The Duke is more interested in controlling others than in forming genuine relationships, as seen when he refers to his next marriage primarily in terms of the dowry. His reference to the bronze statue of Neptune taming a sea-horse also symbolizes his need to dominate. Overall, the Duke’s personality is cold, calculated, and controlling, valuing power and status over human connection.
- How does the Duke’s possessive nature contribute to the tragedy of the Duchess?
The Duke’s possessive nature is central to the tragedy of the Duchess. He believes that the Duchess should belong to him alone, not just physically but emotionally as well. Throughout the poem, the Duke expresses his frustration that the Duchess smiled at everyone and found happiness in simple things that had nothing to do with him. Her joy was not reserved for the Duke, which caused him to feel disrespected. The Duke wanted her to treat his “nine-hundred-years-old name” with more reverence and believed that she did not value his social status enough. This possessiveness, combined with his jealousy, led him to take extreme actions. Instead of communicating his feelings, the Duke “gave commands” to stop her smiles, implying that he ordered her death. His desire to control her entirely — even in death, through her portrait — makes the Duchess’s fate a tragic result of the Duke’s obsessive and controlling behavior.
- What is the significance of the bronze statue of Neptune in the poem?
The bronze statue of Neptune taming a sea-horse is a significant symbol in the poem, representing the Duke’s desire for control and dominance. Neptune, the Roman god of the sea, was known for his power over the oceans, and the Duke compares himself to Neptune in the way he controls and tames others, particularly women. The sea-horse, a wild and free creature, symbolizes the Duchess, who was full of life, joy, and independence. The Duke, like Neptune, saw it as his role to “tame” her by controlling her emotions and actions. This comparison highlights the Duke’s need to be in charge of everything around him, including people. He views relationships not as partnerships but as opportunities to assert power. The fact that he proudly displays the statue shows that he values this type of dominance. The statue also mirrors the way he treated the Duchess — as something to be controlled, shaped, and ultimately silenced.
- Discuss the theme of power and control in “My Last Duchess”.
The theme of power and control is central to “My Last Duchess”. The Duke, who narrates the poem, is obsessed with having complete control over those around him, particularly his wife, the Duchess. His power manifests in many forms: social status, wealth, and, most importantly, the control of people’s emotions and behavior. The Duchess’s independence and joy frustrated the Duke because he could not control her happiness, which she freely shared with others. He wanted to possess her fully, not just as a wife but as someone who admired only him. The Duke’s inability to tolerate her joyful, open nature led to the extreme step of “giving commands” that ended her life, which implies that he had her killed. Even after her death, he continues to exercise control by choosing when and how others see her portrait. The final symbol of power in the poem is the bronze statue of Neptune taming a sea-horse, which represents the Duke’s desire to dominate and control everything in his life. Ultimately, power and control are the Duke’s priorities, even at the cost of human life and love.
- How does Browning use dramatic monologue to reveal the Duke’s character?
In “My Last Duchess”, Browning uses the dramatic monologue form to reveal the Duke’s character indirectly through his own words. A dramatic monologue is a poem where a single speaker addresses a listener, and through this speech, the speaker’s true personality is revealed. The Duke’s monologue allows the reader to see his controlling and jealous nature without him explicitly admitting these traits. For example, when the Duke describes the Duchess’s smiles and joy, he frames them as flaws, showing that he views her natural happiness as disrespectful. He talks casually about “giving commands” to stop her smiles, implying that he ordered her death, yet he never acknowledges the cruelty of his actions. The Duke’s tone is calm and measured, which makes his casual mention of the Duchess’s fate even more chilling. Additionally, the Duke’s focus on his wealth, social status, and art collection reveals his vanity and pride. The dramatic monologue allows Browning to gradually unveil the Duke’s manipulative, arrogant, and dangerous personality, making the reader understand the true horror of the Duke’s nature through his own words.
- What does the Duke’s language and tone reveal about his feelings towards the Duchess?
The Duke’s language and tone in “My Last Duchess” reveal a deep sense of possessiveness and frustration toward the Duchess. Throughout the poem, the Duke speaks in a calm, almost detached tone, even when discussing serious matters like the Duchess’s death. This calmness suggests that he has little emotional connection to her as a person. His choice of words, like “my” Duchess, shows his belief that she belonged to him. The Duke also repeatedly mentions her smiles and her interactions with others in a critical way, which reveals his jealousy. He speaks of her joy as if it were an insult to him, especially because it was not reserved solely for him. The tone becomes more chilling when he mentions “giving commands” that led to her death, yet he speaks of it in such a casual manner that it shows how little he valued her as a person. His language and tone reveal that he saw the Duchess not as an individual with her own emotions but as an object he should control.
- How does “My Last Duchess” comment on the objectification of women?
“My Last Duchess” strongly comments on the objectification of women through the Duke’s treatment of the Duchess. The Duke sees the Duchess not as a person with her own emotions and desires but as an object to be owned and controlled. Her role, in his mind, is to bring him honor and elevate his status. He is angry when she gives attention to other things and people, viewing this as a sign that she does not appreciate the significance of his “nine-hundred-years-old name.” By treating her joyful personality as a flaw, the Duke reduces her to something that must be “fixed” or silenced. His ultimate act of objectification is having her killed and then immortalizing her as a painting on the wall. In death, she becomes the perfect, unchanging image that the Duke can control completely, without any challenge to his authority. Through this, Browning critiques how women were often seen as possessions in patriarchal societies, valued only for their ability to serve and obey men.
- How does the Duke’s treatment of the Duchess reflect his views on social status and wealth?
The Duke’s treatment of the Duchess in “My Last Duchess” reflects his obsession with social status and wealth. The Duke views everything, including relationships, in terms of ownership and power. He expects the Duchess to treat his “nine-hundred-years-old name” with the highest respect, and he is upset when she fails to recognize the importance of his status. To the Duke, his family heritage and wealth should have made him the sole focus of her admiration, yet she found joy in simple, everyday things, which made him feel slighted. His focus on social status is further highlighted at the end of the poem when he discusses his future marriage. The Duke is primarily concerned with the dowry he will receive from the Count, the father of his next bride, showing that wealth and power are more important to him than love or affection. The Duchess, in his mind, failed to honor his status properly, which led him to eliminate her, reinforcing the idea that his social position is more important than human relationships.
- What role does the silent listener play in the poem?
In “My Last Duchess”, the silent listener plays a crucial role by allowing the Duke to reveal his character. The listener is present throughout the poem but never speaks, which enables the Duke to dominate the conversation and control the narrative. The listener represents the audience and provides a contrast to the Duke’s monologue. As the Duke speaks, he tries to justify his actions to the listener, revealing his possessive and controlling nature. The silence of the listener allows the reader to focus entirely on the Duke’s words and observe his arrogance and manipulation. Furthermore, the listener’s role as a marriage broker or envoy adds to the tension in the poem. The Duke is discussing his future marriage while revealing the dark truth about his previous one. The listener’s silence magnifies the dramatic tension, as the Duke unknowingly exposes his cruelty and obsession with power. By keeping the listener silent, Browning emphasizes the Duke’s dominating personality and his need for control in all relationships.
- How does Browning use irony in “My Last Duchess”?
Browning masterfully uses irony throughout “My Last Duchess” to reveal the Duke’s true character. The most striking irony is that the Duke believes he is presenting himself as a cultured, refined man, but he actually reveals his cruelty, possessiveness, and jealousy. For instance, when he describes the Duchess’s “spot of joy” on her cheek, he criticizes her for being too easily pleased. He fails to see that this very trait makes her human and likable, instead viewing it as something shameful. Another example of irony is the Duke’s calm and casual tone when he mentions giving commands that led to her death. He speaks about this as if it were a minor inconvenience, not realizing the horror of what he is admitting. Finally, the greatest irony lies in the Duke’s obsession with controlling the Duchess even after her death. By immortalizing her in a painting, he achieves ultimate control, yet this also exposes how shallow and controlling he truly is.
- Discuss the use of imagery in “My Last Duchess”.
Browning uses vivid imagery in “My Last Duchess” to highlight the Duke’s personality, the Duchess’s character, and the overall theme of power. The image of the Duchess’s painting itself is central, symbolizing the Duke’s control over her even in death. The portrait is described in detail, with phrases like “looking as if she were alive,” which adds to the lifelike quality of the image. This contrasts sharply with the reality that the Duchess is no longer alive, emphasizing the Duke’s control over her memory. Another important image is the “spot of joy” on the Duchess’s cheek, which the Duke resents. This small detail symbolizes her happiness and individuality, both of which the Duke seeks to suppress. Browning also uses the imagery of the bronze statue of Neptune taming a sea-horse at the end of the poem. This image reflects the Duke’s desire to control and dominate, just as Neptune controls the sea. The careful use of imagery throughout the poem helps illustrate the Duke’s possessive nature and his obsession with power.
- How does the poem’s structure enhance the Duke’s control over the narrative?
The poem’s structure, written in a single, continuous dramatic monologue, allows the Duke to maintain complete control over the narrative. The Duke speaks uninterrupted, without any input from the listener or external commentary, which mirrors his desire to dominate and control the people and events in his life. The use of enjambment — where one line flows into the next without pause — adds to the sense of the Duke’s seamless, uninterrupted control of the conversation. This structure reinforces the Duke’s arrogant and authoritative nature, as he carefully selects what to reveal and how to present himself. He controls how much of the story the listener hears and tries to shape the listener’s perception of both himself and the Duchess. Additionally, the lack of response from the listener emphasizes that the Duke is the sole authority in the room, further reflecting his need for control in all aspects of life, including the narrative itself.
- Why is “My Last Duchess” considered a critique of patriarchal society?
“My Last Duchess” can be seen as a critique of patriarchal society because it reflects the ways in which women were often treated as possessions or objects by men, particularly within the upper classes. The Duke represents the extreme embodiment of patriarchal power, believing that his wife, the Duchess, should exist solely to serve him and enhance his reputation. Her independent spirit and joy are seen as threats to his authority, which ultimately leads him to have her killed. The Duke’s expectation that the Duchess should value his family name and social status above all else reveals the rigid gender roles and expectations placed on women in a patriarchal society. Women, like the Duchess, were expected to be obedient, submissive, and solely devoted to their husbands, with little room for personal happiness or autonomy. Browning critiques this system by showing the tragic consequences of the Duke’s obsessive desire for control and dominance over his wife. The poem reflects how women were objectified and oppressed in a society where men held all the
- Compare the Duke’s possessiveness in “My Last Duchess” with another literary character who exhibits similar traits.
The Duke in “My Last Duchess” can be compared to Shakespeare’s Othello in terms of their possessiveness and jealousy. Both characters are consumed by a desire to control the women they love, and both are driven to extreme actions as a result of their jealousy. In “Othello”, the title character becomes convinced that his wife, Desdemona, has been unfaithful to him. His possessiveness and mistrust lead him to murder her, even though she is innocent. Similarly, the Duke in “My Last Duchess” cannot tolerate the idea that the Duchess is happy and friendly with others, as he believes that she should reserve all her affection and admiration for him alone. His jealousy leads him to have her killed, just as Othello’s jealousy leads him to kill Desdemona. Both men ultimately destroy the women they love because they cannot control them, and their possessiveness reveals their deep insecurities and need for dominance. These characters serve as warnings about the destructive nature of possessiveness and jealousy in relationships.
- How does “My Last Duchess” reflect the social attitudes of the Victorian era?
Although “My Last Duchess” is set during the Italian Renaissance, it reflects many of the social attitudes of the Victorian era in which Browning was writing. In Victorian society, there were strict social hierarchies, and wealth, status, and reputation were of utmost importance, especially among the upper classes. The Duke’s obsession with his “nine-hundred-years-old name” and his concern with how others perceive him reflects this Victorian preoccupation with social status and reputation. Additionally, the poem reflects Victorian attitudes towards gender roles, where women were often expected to be passive, obedient, and focused solely on their husbands and families. The Duke’s frustration with the Duchess for being too friendly and not valuing his status enough mirrors the expectations that Victorian women faced — to be devoted to their husbands and not display too much independence. The Duke’s extreme reaction to the Duchess’s perceived disobedience reflects the consequences women faced for stepping outside of these rigid gender roles. Through “My Last Duchess”, Browning critiques these social attitudes by showing the destructive effects of power and control within both personal relationships and society at large.
- How does “My Last Duchess” comment on the objectification of women?
“My Last Duchess” serves as a powerful commentary on the objectification of women, particularly in patriarchal societies where women were treated as possessions rather than individuals with their own thoughts and desires. Throughout the poem, the Duke views the Duchess not as a person but as an object that he owns and controls. Her portrait, hanging on the wall and concealed behind a curtain that only the Duke can draw back, symbolizes the way he has reduced her to a mere image that he can display and manipulate as he sees fit. The Duke’s language reinforces this objectification, as he criticizes the Duchess for smiling too much and being too easily pleased, as though her emotions were something he should control. His ultimate act of objectification comes when he “gives commands” that result in her death, ensuring that she can no longer disobey him or act independently. Even after her death, the Duchess exists for the Duke only as an object in the form of a painting, permanently under his control. This reflects the way women were often treated in society — valued for their appearance and social function rather than for their personal qualities or autonomy.
- What role does the silent listener play in the poem?
The silent listener in “My Last Duchess” plays a crucial role by providing a contrast to the Duke’s monologue and by indirectly revealing more about the Duke’s character. Although the listener never speaks, their presence allows the Duke to explain himself, revealing his thoughts and motivations. The listener’s silence creates a sense of tension because, while the Duke believes he is controlling the narrative and justifying his actions, the reader can see through his manipulative and self-serving nature. The listener acts as a stand-in for the audience, representing a figure who hears the Duke’s story but is powerless to respond or challenge him. The listener’s silence also highlights the Duke’s dominance, as he controls the entire conversation without interruption. This reinforces the theme of power and control that runs throughout the poem. By the end of the poem, the listener’s role becomes even more significant as the Duke discusses his future marriage, implying that the listener is involved in arranging this new match. The silent listener allows the Duke’s true nature to be revealed without interference, making the poem’s dramatic tension more intense.
- How does Browning use enjambment to emphasize the Duke’s thought process?
Browning uses enjambment (the continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line) throughout “My Last Duchess” to reflect the Duke’s manipulative and controlling nature. The Duke’s speech flows uninterrupted from one thought to the next, symbolizing his need for control and dominance in every aspect of his life. The enjambment creates a conversational tone, but it also suggests the Duke’s inability to stop and reflect on his actions. Instead, he continuously moves forward, from one sentence to the next, without pausing for self-awareness or guilt, especially when he talks about ordering the death of the Duchess. The lack of breaks in his speech mirrors the relentless and forceful way in which he seeks to assert his power, both over the listener and over his late wife. Enjambment also enhances the poem’s tension, as it forces the reader to keep moving, much like the Duke does, revealing more about his obsessive and domineering personality.
- How does Browning portray power dynamics between men and women in “My Last Duchess”?
In “My Last Duchess”, Browning portrays power dynamics between men and women as deeply unequal, reflecting the patriarchal society in which the poem is set. The Duke, representing male authority, expects absolute control over the Duchess, whom he views as an object or possession rather than as an equal partner. The Duchess, on the other hand, is portrayed as a joyful and innocent woman who fails to conform to the Duke’s expectations of a submissive, obedient wife. Her independent spirit, demonstrated by her ability to find joy in simple things, threatens the Duke’s need for dominance. The Duke’s reaction to her behavior — ultimately having her killed — shows how men in positions of power could enforce their will over women without consequence. Even after her death, the Duke maintains control over the Duchess by reducing her to a lifeless portrait, symbolizing how women’s autonomy and individuality were often suppressed in such power dynamics. Browning critiques these dynamics by exposing the dangers of unchecked male authority and the objectification of women.
- Why does the Duke choose to discuss his late wife in such detail with the visitor?
The Duke discusses his late wife in great detail with the visitor because he wants to control how she is remembered and, by extension, to display his power and superiority. Throughout the monologue, the Duke is carefully constructing a narrative that justifies his actions and paints him as a victim of the Duchess’s supposed improper behavior. By revealing the details of the Duchess’s life and his displeasure with her, the Duke demonstrates his authority — not just over the Duchess in life, but also over her memory after death. Additionally, the visitor is likely involved in arranging the Duke’s next marriage, and the Duke’s discussion of his late wife serves as a warning to ensure that his future bride understands her role: to be submissive, obedient, and fully devoted to him. The Duke uses the conversation to assert his expectations of loyalty and to solidify his control over future relationships, demonstrating his obsession with dominance and control.
- How does “My Last Duchess” explore the concept of art as a form of control?
In “My Last Duchess”, art serves as a metaphor for control and possession. The Duke’s obsessive need for control is embodied in the portrait of the Duchess, which he keeps hidden behind a curtain that only he is allowed to draw back. This gives him absolute control over who sees the painting, just as he tried to control the Duchess’s behavior during her life. The painting freezes the Duchess in a single moment, capturing her beauty and charm, but also reducing her to an object that the Duke can manipulate. By turning the living, joyful Duchess into a lifeless portrait, the Duke is able to control her entirely — she can no longer defy him by smiling at others or finding joy in life. The Duke’s admiration for other pieces of art, such as the bronze statue of Neptune taming a sea-horse, further emphasizes his view of people, especially women, as objects to be controlled, admired, and displayed. Browning uses the portrait to highlight how art can be used not just to immortalize beauty, but also to dominate and suppress individuality.
- What is the significance of the phrase “I gave commands” in the poem?
The phrase “I gave commands” is one of the most chilling moments in “My Last Duchess” and reveals the Duke’s ultimate control over the Duchess’s fate. The phrase is deliberately vague, but it strongly implies that the Duke ordered the death of the Duchess. By using the word “commands,” the Duke downplays the gravity of the action, suggesting that for him, taking such a step was merely a matter of giving an instruction. The coldness and brevity of the phrase reflect the Duke’s lack of empathy and his sense of entitlement — he sees himself as justified in controlling every aspect of the Duchess’s life, including whether she lives or dies. The casual tone in which he mentions this command also highlights the Duke’s arrogance and detachment from the consequences of his actions. The phrase marks a turning point in the poem, revealing the full extent of the Duke’s cruelty and the dangerous nature of his obsession with power and control.
- How does “My Last Duchess” reflect the Duke’s arrogance?
The Duke’s arrogance is evident throughout “My Last Duchess”, especially in the way he speaks about both the Duchess and his own status. From the beginning of the poem, the Duke presents himself as superior, both in terms of his social rank and his sense of self-importance. He repeatedly emphasizes the value of his “nine-hundred-years-old name,” suggesting that the Duchess failed to appreciate the honor of being married to him. The Duke believes that his social status entitles him to complete control over the Duchess’s emotions and actions, and he views her failure to reserve her smiles for him as a personal slight. His decision to have her killed, implied in the phrase “I gave commands,” reflects his belief that he has the right to determine whether she lives or dies. The Duke’s arrogance extends beyond his treatment of the Duchess to his interactions with the listener, whom he assumes will understand and accept his actions without question. His casual mention of arranging a new marriage further underscores his sense of entitlement, as he views women as objects to be acquired and controlled.
- How does “My Last Duchess” explore the theme of jealousy?
Jealousy is a central theme in “My Last Duchess”, driving the Duke’s actions and shaping his relationship with the Duchess. Throughout the poem, the Duke reveals his deep jealousy over the Duchess’s behavior, particularly her tendency to smile and find joy in the world around her. He resents the fact that she appreciated the beauty of simple things, like the sunset or a branch of cherries, and that she gave the same approving smile to others as she did to him. The Duke’s jealousy stems from his belief that the Duchess should have reserved all her admiration and affection for him alone, and he views her openness and friendliness as a threat to his authority. His jealousy becomes so overwhelming that he ultimately “gave commands” to stop her smiles, implying that he had her killed. The Duke’s inability to tolerate the Duchess’s independence and joy reveals the destructive power of jealousy, as it leads him to destroy the very thing he claims to love. Browning uses the theme of jealousy to explore the darker side of possessiveness and the lengths to which people will go to assert control over others.
- Analyze the use of irony in the Duke’s description of the Duchess’s behavior.
There is a deep sense of irony in the Duke’s description of the Duchess’s behavior in “My Last Duchess”. Throughout the poem, the Duke criticizes the Duchess for qualities that are generally seen as positive, such as her friendliness, joyfulness, and politeness. He resents the fact that she smiled at others and found happiness in everyday things, seeing this as a failure on her part to properly value his status and importance. The irony lies in the fact that the Duchess’s behavior was not disrespectful or inappropriate; rather, it was the Duke’s extreme possessiveness and jealousy that caused him to view her actions as offensive. Another layer of irony is that the Duke, who seeks to control and dominate the Duchess, ultimately reduces her to a lifeless painting, where she remains frozen in time, no longer able to defy him. The Duke believes he has achieved control, but the portrait also symbolizes his failure to appreciate her as a living, vibrant person. The Duke’s self-assured tone as he describes the Duchess’s supposed “faults” only enhances the irony, as he unwittingly reveals his own cruelty and insecurity.
- How does “My Last Duchess” reflect the social attitudes of the Victorian era?
Although “My Last Duchess” is set in the Renaissance, it reflects many of the social attitudes prevalent in the Victorian era, when Browning was writing. The Victorian period was characterized by strict social hierarchies, with a strong emphasis on wealth, status, and appearances, particularly among the upper classes. The Duke’s obsession with his “nine-hundred-years-old name” and his concern for how others perceive him reflect the Victorian preoccupation with reputation and social standing. Moreover, Victorian society had rigid expectations for women, who were often expected to be submissive, modest, and devoted entirely to their husbands and families. The Duchess’s behavior — her friendliness and openness — clashes with these expectations, leading the Duke to view her as disobedient and disrespectful. Browning critiques the restrictive nature of these gender roles by showing the tragic consequences of the Duke’s desire for control and his inability to accept the Duchess’s independence. In this way, “My Last Duchess” serves as a subtle commentary on the oppressive nature of Victorian social norms, particularly for women.
- How does the Duke’s attitude towards the Duchess’s death reveal his character?
The Duke’s attitude towards the Duchess’s death is cold, detached, and revealing of his ruthless nature. When he refers to giving “commands” that resulted in her smiles stopping forever, it is implied that he ordered her death. However, the way he mentions this act is casual and unemotional, suggesting that he sees no problem with what he did. He speaks of the Duchess’s death as though it were merely a necessary step to maintain his authority and dignity, showing that he places more value on his control over her than on her life. His lack of remorse or guilt reveals his arrogance and belief in his right to dominate others, even to the point of ending their lives. The Duke’s calm and measured tone throughout the poem, even while discussing such a serious matter, highlights his cruel and manipulative nature. By reducing the Duchess to a lifeless object in a painting, the Duke reveals his complete disregard for her as a human being, further emphasizing his obsession with power and control.
- What is the significance of the silent listener in “My Last Duchess”?
The silent listener in “My Last Duchess” plays a crucial role in shaping the Duke’s monologue and revealing his true character. The listener, who is likely an envoy or representative arranging the Duke’s next marriage, never speaks, but their presence allows the Duke to reveal his thoughts and feelings. The Duke’s one-sided conversation suggests that he is accustomed to having control over situations, as the listener does not interrupt or challenge him. The silence of the listener also heightens the tension in the poem, as the Duke’s revelations about the Duchess’s death and his expectations for his next wife go unopposed. The listener’s silence allows the Duke to dominate the conversation, much like he dominates the people in his life, and reflects the power dynamic between the two. Additionally, the silent listener serves as a stand-in for the reader, who is similarly left to observe the Duke’s words without directly intervening. Through this interaction, Browning highlights the Duke’s controlling and manipulative personality, as he dictates the narrative and controls the flow of information.
- How does Browning use the setting to reflect the Duke’s personality?
The setting of “My Last Duchess”, which takes place in the Duke’s grand palace, reflects his wealth, status, and controlling nature. The Duke’s palace is filled with art and symbols of his power, such as the portrait of the Duchess and the bronze statue of Neptune. These objects serve as extensions of the Duke’s personality, as they represent his desire to control and dominate. The portrait of the Duchess, in particular, is hidden behind a curtain that only the Duke can draw back, symbolizing his need to control who sees her and how she is remembered. The luxurious setting of the palace, with its priceless works of art, reflects the Duke’s obsession with appearances and his need to display his wealth and status to others. The setting also emphasizes the isolation and detachment of the Duke, as he is surrounded by objects rather than people, reinforcing the idea that he values control over genuine human connection. Browning uses the setting to create a sense of grandeur and power, while also revealing the Duke’s cold, calculating nature.
- How does “My Last Duchess” comment on the role of women in society?
“My Last Duchess” offers a critique of the limited and oppressive roles assigned to women in society, particularly in the context of patriarchal control. The Duchess, as described by the Duke, is a joyful and independent woman who finds pleasure in the simple things around her. However, her openness and friendliness are viewed as flaws by the Duke, who believes that she should reserve all her attention and admiration for him. The Duke’s decision to have her killed reveals the extreme consequences women could face for stepping outside the narrow roles prescribed for them. In this sense, the poem reflects the societal expectation that women should be obedient, modest, and entirely devoted to their husbands. The Duchess’s fate serves as a powerful commentary on the objectification and control of women, as she is reduced to a portrait, a mere object that the Duke can control. Browning critiques this patriarchal dynamic by highlighting the tragic consequences of the Duke’s desire for dominance and the limited agency women had in such relationships.
- How does the Duke’s language reveal his controlling nature?
The Duke’s language throughout “My Last Duchess” is carefully chosen to reveal his controlling nature. He uses possessive language when referring to the Duchess, calling her “my last Duchess,” which indicates that he views her as his property. He also frequently emphasizes his power and authority by discussing how he “gave commands” to stop her smiles, implying that he ordered her death without remorse. The Duke’s formal, measured tone reflects his need to maintain control over the conversation and the narrative he presents to the listener. His use of imperatives, such as when he invites the listener to “sit and look at her,” further demonstrates his desire to dominate those around him. Even when describing the Duchess’s positive traits, such as her kindness and joy, the Duke’s language turns these qualities into flaws, showing how he attempts to control how others view her. His controlling nature is also evident in his discussion of the portrait, which he keeps hidden behind a curtain that only he can draw, symbolizing his ultimate control over her memory. Through the Duke’s language, Browning reveals a man who is obsessed with power, dominance, and control over others.
- What is the role of art in “My Last Duchess”?
In “My Last Duchess”, art plays a significant role in reflecting themes of control, power, and objectification. The portrait of the Duchess is a central symbol in the poem, representing the Duke’s attempt to control her even after her death. By commissioning the painting, the Duke reduces the Duchess to an object, something that he can display and hide as he pleases. The portrait allows him to exert total control over how the Duchess is seen and remembered, as the painting captures her beauty and joy but also silences her individuality. Art, in this case, becomes a tool of control for the Duke, as he alone decides who gets to view the portrait and how they interpret it. Additionally, the Duke’s admiration for other pieces of art, such as the bronze statue of Neptune taming a sea-horse, further reflects his belief that people, like art, can be shaped, controlled, and possessed. Browning uses the role of art in the poem to explore the Duke’s obsession with dominance and his view of people, especially women, as objects to be controlled.
- Compare the Duke’s possessiveness in “My Last Duchess” with another literary character who exhibits similar traits.
The Duke’s possessiveness in “My Last Duchess” can be compared to Heathcliff’s possessiveness in Emily Brontë’s “Wuthering Heights”. Both characters exhibit extreme jealousy and a desire to control the women they love, leading to tragic consequences. In “My Last Duchess”, the Duke’s possessiveness is evident in his need to control every aspect of the Duchess’s life, even her emotions. He cannot tolerate the fact that she smiles at others and finds joy in simple things, leading him to have her killed. Similarly, in “Wuthering Heights”, Heathcliff is possessive of Catherine, refusing to let go of his intense love for her even after her marriage to another man. Heathcliff’s jealousy and possessiveness drive much of the conflict in the novel, and his desire to control Catherine’s memory and legacy mirrors the Duke’s treatment of the Duchess. Both characters see the women they love as possessions to be controlled, and their inability to accept the women’s independence leads to destructive consequences. The comparison highlights the dangers of possessiveness and the devastating effects it can have on relationships.
- How does Browning use the Duke’s monologue to reveal his character?
Browning uses the Duke’s monologue in “My Last Duchess” to gradually reveal the Duke’s controlling, jealous, and arrogant character. The dramatic monologue allows the Duke to speak directly to the listener, and through his words, the reader gains insight into his personality. The Duke’s calm and measured tone initially presents him as a cultured and sophisticated man, but as the monologue progresses, his darker qualities become apparent. His possessiveness and jealousy are revealed as he criticizes the Duchess for smiling at others and finding joy in simple things. The Duke’s arrogance is also evident in his belief that his “nine-hundred-years-old name” should have been enough to command the Duchess’s complete admiration. The monologue format allows the Duke to control the narrative, but his own words betray his true nature, particularly when he casually mentions “giving commands” to stop the Duchess’s smiles. The reader comes to understand that the Duke’s need for control and dominance extends not only to his relationships but also to how he presents himself to others. Browning’s use of the monologue effectively reveals the complexities of the Duke’s character, showing both his outward refinement and his inner cruelty.
- What does the Duke’s admiration for the bronze statue of Neptune reveal about him?
The Duke’s admiration for the bronze statue of Neptune taming a sea-horse at the end of “My Last Duchess” reveals his obsession with power and control. Neptune, the Roman god of the sea, represents authority and dominance over the natural world, much like the Duke seeks to dominate and control the people in his life. The statue serves as a symbol of the Duke’s desire to assert control over everything around him, particularly women. The sea-horse in the statue, much like the Duchess, is something wild and free that Neptune must tame. The Duke’s appreciation for the statue reflects his view of relationships as something to be controlled and shaped according to his will. Just as Neptune tames the sea-horse, the Duke sees himself as a figure who must exert control over those around him. The fact that the statue is made of bronze, a durable and lasting material, further emphasizes the Duke’s desire for permanent control and dominance. His admiration for the statue reveals his cold, calculating nature and his belief that power and authority are the most important aspects of life.
- How does Browning portray the Duke’s need for dominance in the poem?
Browning portrays the Duke’s need for dominance throughout “My Last Duchess” by emphasizing his controlling behavior and his obsession with power. From the very beginning of the poem, the Duke speaks in a commanding tone, revealing that he expects to be in control of all situations. His possessiveness over the Duchess is evident in the way he criticizes her for smiling at others and finding joy in things outside of his influence. The Duke believes that her attention should have been focused solely on him, and his frustration with her independent spirit leads him to take drastic action by “giving commands” that result in her death. The Duke’s need for dominance extends beyond his relationship with the Duchess to his interactions with the listener, as he carefully controls the conversation and presents himself as the authority. Browning also uses the imagery of the portrait and the bronze statue of Neptune to further highlight the Duke’s desire for control. By reducing the Duchess to a lifeless painting, the Duke ensures that he has complete dominance over her memory. Through these elements, Browning portrays the Duke as a man driven by an insatiable need for power and control.
- How does “My Last Duchess” explore the consequences of unchecked power?
“My Last Duchess” explores the consequences of unchecked power by showing how the Duke’s absolute authority leads to the destruction of the Duchess. Throughout the poem, the Duke’s need for control and dominance is evident in his criticism of the Duchess’s behavior. He cannot tolerate her independence or her ability to find joy in things outside of his influence, and his jealousy leads him to “give commands” that result in her death. The Duke’s unchecked power allows him to act without consequence, as he is able to order the death of his wife and then move on to arranging his next marriage without any remorse. The poem highlights the dangers of allowing one person to hold too much power, as the Duke’s actions show how absolute control can lead to cruelty and oppression. Browning uses the Duke’s character to critique the dangers of authoritarianism and to show how unchecked power can corrupt individuals and destroy relationships.
- Discuss the role of jealousy in the Duke’s decision to have the Duchess killed.
Jealousy plays a central role in the Duke’s decision to have the Duchess killed in “My Last Duchess”. The Duke is deeply jealous of the attention that the Duchess gives to others and the joy she finds in simple things. He resents the fact that she smiles at everyone and everything, seeing it as a sign that she does not value his status or his “nine-hundred-years-old name” as much as she should. The Duke’s jealousy becomes so overwhelming that he cannot tolerate the idea that the Duchess’s happiness is not reserved solely for him. His possessiveness and insecurity drive him to take extreme action, and he “gives commands” to stop her smiles, which implies that he had her killed. The Duke’s jealousy is rooted in his need for control and his belief that the Duchess should belong to him entirely, both physically and emotionally. His inability to accept her independence and joy leads to her tragic death, highlighting the destructive power of unchecked jealousy.
- How does “My Last Duchess” reflect the Duke’s attitude towards marriage?
In “My Last Duchess”, the Duke’s attitude towards marriage is one of possession and control. He views marriage not as a partnership based on love and mutual respect, but as a way to assert his dominance and enhance his social status. The Duke’s criticism of the Duchess’s behavior reveals that he expected her to be completely devoted to him and to reflect the honor of his “nine-hundred-years-old name.” When the Duchess fails to meet his expectations, he responds by having her killed, showing that he sees his wife as something to be controlled rather than as an individual with her own desires. The Duke’s discussion of his next marriage at the end of the poem reinforces his transactional view of marriage. He focuses on the dowry he expects from the Count and views the marriage as a way to acquire wealth and status, rather than as a union based on love. The Duke’s attitude towards marriage reflects his overall obsession with power and control, as he seeks to dominate both his relationships and his social standing.
- How does “My Last Duchess” critique the objectification of women?
“My Last Duchess” critiques the objectification of women by illustrating how the Duke reduces the Duchess to a possession that he can control. Throughout the poem, the Duke views the Duchess not as an individual with her own thoughts and desires, but as something that belongs to him. He criticizes her for smiling too much and finding joy in things outside of his influence, revealing his belief that her emotions should be entirely under his control. The Duke’s ultimate act of objectification comes when he “gives commands” to stop her smiles, implying that he orders her death. After her death, the Duke further objectifies the Duchess by reducing her to a painting, which he keeps hidden behind a curtain that only he can draw back. The portrait symbolizes the Duke’s total control over her, as she is no longer a living person but an object that he can display or conceal at will. Through the Duke’s treatment of the Duchess, Browning critiques the way women were often objectified and controlled in patriarchal societies, valued more for their beauty and obedience than for their individuality and autonomy.